|
|
 |
|
REVIEW ARTICLE |
|
Year : 2021 | Volume
: 9
| Issue : 1 | Page : 32-39 |
|
Functional and quality-of-life outcomes following maxillofacial prosthetic rehabilitation: A review of the current literature
Hanan N Al-Otaibi
Department of Prosthetic Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Date of Submission | 11-Feb-2021 |
Date of Acceptance | 14-Feb-2021 |
Date of Web Publication | 29-Mar-2021 |
Correspondence Address: Dr. Hanan N Al-Otaibi Department of Prosthetic Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, PO Box 270191, Riyadh. Saudi Arabia
 Source of Support: None, Conflict of Interest: None
DOI: 10.4103/INJO.INJO_10_21
Head and neck cancer patients are usually treated with surgical resection of the cancerous tissue, radiotherapy, and/or chemotherapy. This review summarizes the existing literature on head and neck cancer patients’ functional and quality-of-life outcomes following maxillofacial prosthetic rehabilitation. Prosthetic rehabilitation could be required as part of their treatment, or these patients may receive it later. Furthermore, the patients who have undergone prosthetic rehabilitation have demonstrated an improved quality of life, especially concerning the functional outcomes. Keywords: Obturator, oral cancer, prosthetic rehabilitation, quality-of-life, surgical resection
How to cite this article: Al-Otaibi HN. Functional and quality-of-life outcomes following maxillofacial prosthetic rehabilitation: A review of the current literature. Int J Oral Care Res 2021;9:32-9 |
How to cite this URL: Al-Otaibi HN. Functional and quality-of-life outcomes following maxillofacial prosthetic rehabilitation: A review of the current literature. Int J Oral Care Res [serial online] 2021 [cited 2021 Apr 13];9:32-9. Available from: https://www.ijocr.org/text.asp?2021/9/1/32/312532 |
Introduction | |  |
Head and neck cancer patients may be treated with different treatment modalities, such as primary chemoradiation therapy or primary surgical resection of the cancerous tissue and/or adjunctive radiotherapy or chemoradiation therapy. Improvements in cancer treatment over the last few decades have led to improvements in patients’ prognosis and a higher survival rate. Still, the effects on patient quality of life remain profound. The Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) program of the National Cancer Institute recorded a 5-year survival rate of 64% during the period from 2006 to 2012 for oral cavity and pharyngeal cancer patients.[1] Treatment for head and neck cancer may affect patients’ jaws, tongue, throat, salivary glands, and/or the sensory parts of the head and neck. Following surgical resection of the cancerous tissues, patients may deal with subsequent functional problems, which may affect their speech, mastication, swallowing, and complications such as masticatory dysfunction, dysphagia, and dysarthria.[2],[3],[4],[5],[6]
Furthermore, the surgical resection procedure may lead to changes in the patients’ facial appearance and psychosocial function and may also affect their careers, which negatively affect their quality of life. Some functional problems may improve after maxillofacial-prosthodontics rehabilitation. However, some patients may need an intervention by a maxillofacial prosthodontist as part of their jaw rehabilitation during the microvascular reconstruction of the osseous structures of their oral cavity.[2],[3],[4]
Functional Outcomes Related to Head and Neck Cancer | |  |
Quality of life
Patient quality of life is defined as their ability to independently conduct daily activities or be defined as a patient sense of well-being concerning different aspects of their life.[7],[8] The World Health Organization defines the quality of life as “an individual’s perception of his or her position in life in the context of the culture and value systems in which the patient lives to his or her goals, expectations, standards, and concerns.”[9] While the health-related quality of life is focussed on the impact of health status on their overall quality of life, it is a multi-dimensional concept with physical, mental, emotional, and social-functioning aspects.[10]
Head and neck cancer treatment may affect more than the patient’s quality of life; it may lead to dysfunction in speech, swallowing, facial disfigurements, or sensory impairments and chronic pain. Previous studies in the literature have evaluated the quality of life of head and neck cancer patients and identified patients complaining from high levels of emotional distress, disturbed body image, physical limitation, and impaired social relationships.[4],[11-13]
Patients’ perceptions of outcomes and satisfaction after reconstruction of cancer-related defect have been evaluated in several studies. Additionally, radiation-induced late toxicity significantly impacts patients’ health-related quality of life, especially swallowing and xerostomia.[14] Hagio et al.[15] evaluated the oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) for 50 patients who received maxillofacial prosthetic treatment after surgical repair of the defected maxilla, mandible, oral floor, and tongue. They reported progress in the OHRQoL after prosthetic treatment and improvement in the masticatory, swallowing, and articulatory functions. Similarly, Dholam et al.[16] also reported an overall improvement in head and neck cancer patients’ quality of life following prosthetic rehabilitation.
Xerostomia
Xerostomia or dry mouth can affect head and neck cancer patients due to surgical removal of the salivary gland or as a complication of radiotherapy.[17] Dzioba et al.[18] reported that the radiation therapy used during head and neck cancer treatment negatively affected dry mouth scores over time. Xerostomia can affect patients’ normal oral functions because of insufficient wetting and reduced lubrication of the oral mucosa and ingested food. Additionally, the oral mucosa will be dry and atrophic, causing recurrent ulceration and injury.[19],[20] Radiation-induced xerostomia can further increase the risk of dental caries. It is recommended that patients receive high concentrations of neutral fluoride during the radiation treatment and continue with fluoride application after radiation therapy throughout their life.[21],[22]
Speech
Speech is strongly affected after surgical resection of patients’ tongue, alveolar ridge, hard palate or soft palate, and also following radiotherapy.[23],[24] Symptoms such as dry mouth and mucositis will result in difficulty for the patient to articulate speech rapidly.[25] Evaluation of speech outcomes can be done with three objective clinical measurements: the quality of the resultant speech in general, the social impact of the speech disorder on the listener, and the palatopharyngeal system’s physiologic function. The most common measurements are the perceptual evaluation of speech intelligibility by an unfamiliar listener, acoustic assessment of the patient’s resonance balance (oral versus nasal speech), and determination of palatopharyngeal orifice opening by aeromechanical evaluation of the patient’s generation of nasal flow and oral and nasal pressure during the speech.[23],[24]
Trismus
Head and neck cancer patients may complain of trismus, which refers to the limited ability to open the mouth (< 35 mm).[26] Trismus can occur as a complication of surgery in the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) area, tumors infiltrating the muscles of mastication and their nerves, or due to tissue fibrosis after radiotherapy which affects the masticatory muscles and the ligaments around the TMJ.[27],[28] Trismus can make prosthetic rehabilitation difficult in affected patients. It also complicates many aspects of the patient’s life, including difficulty in eating, speaking, and maintaining good oral hygiene. Many studies have also reported that trismus significantly impacts patient HRQOL.[29],[30],[31],[32]
Swallowing
Dysphagia is related to tissue fibrosis and masticatory dysfunction due to loss of tongue mobility, teeth extraction, resected mandible, or scarring of the labial mucosa and can also occur due to radiotherapy.[33],[34] Disorders in the normal swallowing mechanism can cause silent aspiration, deep penetration, and a more significant than usual residue after swallowing and/or reflux. Problems with swallowing can also lead to recurrent aspiration pneumonia and feeding tube dependency.[35],[36],[37]
Maxillofacial Prosthodontic Rehabilitation | |  |
Head and neck cancer patients may need maxillofacial prosthodontic rehabilitation as part of their rehabilitation process to improve their functional outcomes after cancer treatment. Extraoral or intraoral prostheses may be used to improve the functional problems commonly encountered in cancer patients after surgical resection, such as facial prosthesis, obturator, palatal left prosthesis, palatal augmentation prosthesis (PAP), lingual augmentation prosthesis (LAP), and/or a mandibular tongue prosthesis.
Facial prosthesis
The facial defects that occur secondary to cancer resection or trauma can lead to functional deficits and enormous psychological strain that requires rehabilitation. These patients commonly try to avoid meeting people due to limitations in communication and social interaction, and they have more negative personality characteristics than other patients.[38]
Facial prostheses can improve the overall aesthetics and may also enhance the function of patients who have lost an eye, nose, ear, or part of the face.[39] Newton et al[40] reported that a facial prosthesis helps patients in their process of adjustment to the loss of part of their face. Prosthetic rehabilitation can be used as an alternative to surgical intervention. It can improve patients’ self-esteem with facial disfigurement, increase the level of function, and help them resocialize. The patients’ level of satisfaction with facial prosthesis directly affects their social integration level.[41],[42],[43]
The standard material that has been used for a facial prosthesis is silicon elastomer due to its strength, durability, flexibility, chemical inertness, and ease of handling. It can also be matched and blended more easily to the patient’s face by adding pigments and hair. The thin edges become transparent and enhance the blending and camouflage with the patient’s face; however, this material demonstrates changes over time.[44],[45],[46],[47] Markt and Lemon[48] recorded a high level of satisfaction in 76 patients who received extraoral maxillofacial prosthesis. The patients reported wishing that the prosthesis would last longer with improvements in color stability and its retentive mechanism. Brandão et al.[49] evaluated the long-term duration of the facial prosthesis. They found that color alterations of the prosthesis were the most common reason cited for obtaining a new prosthesis (27.4%). A decline in patient dissatisfaction with the facial prosthesis over an increased duration of use has also been reported.[43]
Several techniques have been reported in the literature to retain the facial prosthesis, including engaging hard or soft tissue undercuts, eye-glasses, skin adhesives, or attachment to osseo-integrated craniofacial implants.[50],[51] Chang et al.[41] compared the patients’ perception of treatment between two groups of patients who received facial prosthesis to restore their facial defect: the first group was restored with adhesive-retained prostheses, whereas the second one was restored with implant-retained prostheses. They reported a highly significant level of retention and ease of use related to implant-retained facial prostheses during daily activity, which resulted in greater use of the prosthesis. Wondergem et al.[52] also recorded higher satisfaction levels for patients who received implant-retained facial prostheses (e.g., ear, nose, or orbit) compared with adhesive-retained prostheses. It was noted that some patients might develop skin reactions to the medical skin adhesives used to retain facial prosthesis. A skin-prep protective dressing can be used as a waterproof barrier that is non-irritating and can protect the skin from the adhesive, trauma, and abrasion. Kiat-amnuay et al.[53] reported that the application of the dressing before attaching the maxillofacial prosthesis could increase the retention strength of the used adhesive.
However, an orbital defect cannot be easily restored with surgical reconstruction, unlike other areas of the face. Patient rehabilitation with orbital prostheses can restore the patient’s appearance after surgical resection. de Oliveira et al.[42] evaluated the quality of life of 45 patients who received orbital implant-retained prostheses. They concluded that extraoral prostheses with the bone anchorage technique could provide a high patient satisfaction level.
Obturators
Reconstructions of maxillary defects range from obturators, vascularized grafts, local flaps, regional flaps, and microvascular free flap transfer.[54],[55] Surgical reconstruction of the defects depends on several factors, such as defect size, patient age, and medical history.[56],[57] It also requires exceptional technical expertise associated with longer procedure times and increased risk of donor site morbidity.[58],[59] Surgical reconstruction can provide patients with complete correction of oronasal communication; however, with an obturator, the patient can have immediate and adequate dental rehabilitation in a shorter period. Moreover, a prosthetic obturator can offer easy inspection of the surgical site to detect any cancer recurrence.[60]
Prosthetic rehabilitation can restore the separation between the sinonasal and oral cavities, restoring the contour and the form of the defect area, leading to the restoration of speech and swallowing of the affected patient to a functional level.[61] The rehabilitation can be either provisional or definitive.[59],[62] The appliances for rehabilitation can be constructed with different materials, such as silicon, titanium, and poly-methyl-methacrylate.[63] Therefore, the obturator can improve the patient’s functional outcomes.[64] Its retention depends on multiple factors such as defect size, remaining dentition, attachment to dental implants, the available tissue retention around the defect, and the development of muscular control.[65],[66],[67] It is hard to produce acceptable obturators for cases related to large defects, due to the potential inclusion of the facial skin or orbital contents and the lack of manual dexterity, visual deficiency, or trismus that may produce difficulty in obturator manipulation.[58]
Maxillary obturator
Usually, patients with resected osseous or soft tissue structures of the maxilla have oronasal communication that affects their speech, swallowing, and mastication, resulting in low speech intelligibility with a high incidence of hypernasality and food and liquid escaping through the nasal cavity.[61] This type of defect needs to be restored to separate the oral and nasal cavities to improve the patients’ functional outcomes. A maxillary defect can be restored either by surgical reconstruction of the defect or by using a maxillary obturator to fill the space of the resected osseous and soft tissues, which will restore speech intelligibility and reduce hypernasality.[68],[69],[70],[71],[72]
Obturator prostheses have been found to improve the patients’ quality of life with maxillary defects.[73] Maxillary obturators can be immediate, provisional, or definitive; all types are important in speech rehabilitation.[58],[70] The immediate or surgical obturator can provide a matrix for surgical packing; by covering the wound after resection, it will reduce the risk of oral contamination and will allow the patient to achieve adequate speech and swallowing immediately after the surgery. This generally improves the patients’ psychological state immediately. It has been reported that patients who have a more alveolar process and teeth will achieve better functional outcomes with a maxillary obturator. Clear acrylic has been recommended for the surgical obturator material to allow visibility of the underlying tissues at the time of insertion and later during the healing period.[61] A surgical obturator with the surgical packing material can be removed approximately 10 days after surgery and replaced with a provisional obturator. The provisional obturator can serve the patient until the healing process is completed after 3–4 months or maybe extended after radiation therapy, then, the definitive one can be fabricated.[61]
Rieger et al.24] compared the speech outcomes of 12 patients who underwent partial maxillectomy procedures and were evaluated at three different intervals: before surgical resection and after resection with and without the obturator. They found a significant difference between speech without the obturator and the preoperative result. In contrast, no significant differences between the preoperative speech and postoperative speech with the obturator were observed.
Using the maxillary obturator to restore maxillary defects has a high positive correlation with patients’ oral health quality of life and can provide them with satisfactory function.[74] It has also been reported that instrumental speech evaluation for patients with a maxillary obturator appears to be illuminating not only for speech outcomes but also for patient satisfaction levels.[23]
Rieger et al.[68] compared patients who received maxillary obturators to restore their maxillary defect and patients who underwent maxillary surgical reconstruction with fibular free flaps in terms of facial attractiveness and speech. They found no differences between the groups regarding these parameters.
However, Genden et al.[75] reported higher satisfaction scores in speech, comfort, convenience, and social interactions for patients who underwent surgical reconstruction for their hard palate defects with radial forearm flaps when compared with patients who just received a prosthetic obturator. Some patients were unsatisfied with their maxillary obturator and found it inconvenient and uncomfortable to wear. It requires removal and cleaning and sometimes needs adhesive to maintain its place. Also, patients need to wear it whenever they want to drink or speak. If the obturator fails to produce its objective, the patient may suffer from nasal leakage, hypernasality, and liquids’ reflux into the nasal cavity.[75],[76],[77]
Pharyngeal obturator
The separation between the oropharynx and nasopharynx is vital for patient speech and swallowing. The soft palate is an essential element of the velopharyngeal mechanism. Defects in the soft palate affect the patient’s quality of life and need to be reconstructed.[40],[78] Prosthetic reconstruction can be successful for small-sized defects, while the residual velopharyngeal complex movement is preserved.[79] Patients with no movement of the residual velopharyngeal complex will suffer from an inability to control nasal emissions.[61]
A pharyngeal obturator, also known as a speech aid prosthesis or speech bulb prosthesis, can be used to gain more control over the nasal emissions during speech and eliminate the nasal leakage during swallowing. Similar to a maxillary obturator, the patient can be provided with an immediate, provisional, and definitive pharyngeal obturator. It is difficult to restore function with the prosthesis when more than half of the soft palate is missing.[61],[80]
Surgical reconstruction of the palate with defects with radial forearm free flaps has been accomplished. Seikaly et al.[81] evaluated 52 patients who underwent surgical reconstruction of the soft palate via different techniques (e.g., primary closure, pharyngeal flap, radial forearm free flap). The surgery provided patients with oropharyngeal and nasopharyngeal separation while maintaining nasal patency to restore normal intelligibility and resonance speech. Majority of the patients (91%) also had their swallowing function restored, returning to their regular oral diet.
Palatal lift prosthesis (PLP)
PLP can be used for palatopharyngeal incompetency patients (defined as adequate dimensions of the soft palate but still failing to close) to improve their speech problems.[61] This intraoral prosthesis fits the patient’s maxillary arch and lifts the soft palate.[82] Therefore, it displaces the soft palate to the level of normal palatal closure, allowing oronasal separation in patients with defects in the soft palate due to cancer, neurodegenerative disease, or stroke.[82] It improves patients’ functional results by reducing hypernasal speech and the nasopharyngeal reflux caused by velopharyngeal incompetency. It further enhances the patient’s swallowing by eliminating the functional blockage at the oropharyngeal isthmus, which facilitates food bolus transport from the oral cavity to the pharynx.[82]
Palatal augmentation prosthesis
PAP can be fabricated after partial or complete tongue resection as part of patients’ deglutitory and articulatory rehabilitation. The patients’ speech and swallowing are significantly changed after surgical resection of cancerous tissue from their tongues. This impairment is mainly due to the inability of the tongue to touch the hard palate, teeth, and alveolar ridge. Therefore, this maxillary intraoral prosthesis can fit the patient’s hard palate to reduce the free space between the roof and the floor of the oral cavity. This re-establishes the palatal vault at the lower level, which will lead to improvements in the palatolingual contact during articulation and deglutition. This improves deglutition by enhancing the oral to pharynx bolus transportation and basal tongue pressure.[78],[83]
Lingual augmentation prosthesis
LAP is a type of mandibular intraoral prosthesis used to improve swallowing after tongue resection. It can be fabricated for patients who have dysphagia symptoms, such as difficulty in food transportation and collection of bolus residue after swallowing on the floor of their mouth. It also serves patients who have difficulty in anterior tongue movement and with difficulties in touching the anterior teeth’ lingual surface.[84] PAP and LAP can be used together to improve the patient’s swallowing function by reducing the gap in the superoinferior and anterior directions.[83]
Mandibular tongue prosthesis
The tongue plays an essential role in multiple vital functions, such as swallowing, speech, and mastication.[85] However, following partial glossectomy or total glossectomy procedures, these functions may be compromised, leading to psychosocial challenges.[85],[86] These patients can receive surgical reconstruction or prosthetic rehabilitation treatments for their defects. Mandibular tongue prostheses are one of the treatment options for patients who have undergone total glossectomy. It is an intraoral prosthesis that can fit the mandibular arch, replacing the tongue.[85],[87],[88] It is not preferred in patients who have undergone partial glossectomy or patients with irradiated and resorbed mandibular jaws; palatal maxillary prosthesis is considered a superior treatment option for these individuals.[89] A palatal maxillary prosthesis can provide more stability; however, it will affect the resonance and swallowing when large.[90]
A patient with a mandibular tongue prosthesis will produce intelligible sounds and can consume a regular diet with better food bolus management.[85] Generally, the outcomes reported from prosthetic rehabilitation using tongue prostheses will lead to the recovery of affected patients’ psychological status with an improved quality of life.[86]
Following surgical resection of larger portion of the tongue, a musculocutaneous microvascular free flap is used for surgical reconstruction to restore the patients’ functional outcomes and their quality of life.[18] Several previous studies have evaluated patients’ swallowing ability and tongue mobility after surgical tongue resection and reconstruction. Swallowing impairments have been reported in patients who underwent changes in their tongues’ structural anatomy.[91],[92],[93] Hara et al.[92] evaluated 23 patients who underwent surgical tongue resection and reconstruction with radial forearm free flaps and lateral upper arm free flaps. They found decreased tongue mobility (except for the tongue tip) for all patients, with a more significant mobility decrease in patients who underwent anterior or posterior tongue resection than patients with medial tongue resection. They further reported a significant negative impact on swallowing caused by poor tongue control in patients who underwent anterior resection of the oral cavity.
Brown et al.[6] also evaluated the swallowing and tongue mobility in 15 patients who underwent resection of the anterior two-thirds of their tongues and were reconstructed with radial forearm free flaps. The patients were evaluated at four different time intervals over 1 year. They reported no evident problems in patients’ swallowing or tongue mobility, even 1 year after surgery.
Prosthetic rehabilitation followed by free flap reconstruction
Microvascular free fibular flap reconstruction of defects in the maxilla or mandibular jaws with prosthetic rehabilitation achieves successful re-establishment of functions related to the osseous structures of the oral cavity. Dental implants can be inserted at the time of the surgical jaw reconstruction, reducing the time needed for dental rehabilitation.[94] Gbara et al.[95] evaluated the long-term results of 30 patients who underwent maxillary and mandibular jaw reconstruction with microsurgical fibular grafts combined with dental implants. The authors reported that the procedure led to satisfactory functional and aesthetic results.
Kumar et al.[96] evaluated the implant- and peri-implant-related outcomes for implants supporting dental prostheses following mandibular reconstruction with free fibular flaps. They reported more marginal bone loss associated with two implants supporting overdentures when compared with four implants supporting overdentures. However, outcomes were within the acceptable limits of success criteria, and no clinically significant differences were observed between the two groups for peri-implant soft and hard tissue factors. Digitally planned surgical design and simulation for fibular free flap reconstruction have been used during jaw reconstruction. They are reportedly associated with better speech outcomes than standard surgical reconstruction or maxillary obturators.[97]
Implant-retained prostheses that restore intraoral defects after surgical tumor resection have a beneficial effect on masticatory performance and masseter muscle activity on the reconstruction side. When comparing implant-retained prostheses with a non-implant-retained prosthesis, a significantly greater level of improvement in the prosthesis function and patient satisfaction has been observed.[98]
The healthcare providers’ psychological attitudes toward their patients are directly related to the patients’ reported satisfaction, especially with onco-surgical facial lesions when no suppressive or repulsive feelings are expressed. Therefore, healthcare providers should not be focussed only on the clinical part of patient treatment, but also assess the patient’s quality of life issues to provide more outstanding patient care and satisfaction.[99],[100]
Conclusion | |  |
Patients may suffer from functional problems with head and neck cancer and various treatment modalities are available to cure them. The maxillofacial prosthetic rehabilitation approach can improve functional outcomes related to head and neck cancer patients.
Financial support and sponsorship
Nil.
Conflicts of interest
There are no conflicts of interest.
References | |  |
1. | Siegel RL, Miller KD, Jemal A Cancer statistics, 2017. CA Cancer J Clin 2017;67:7-30. |
2. | Petruson K, Mercke C, Lundberg LM, Silander E, Hammerlid E Longitudinal evaluation of patients with cancer in the oral tongue, tonsils, or base of tongue—Does interstitial radiation dose affect quality of life? Brachytherapy 2005;4:271-7. |
3. | Campbell BH, Marbella A, Layde PM Quality of life and recurrence concern in survivors of head and neck cancer. Laryngoscope 2000;110:895-906. |
4. | Crombie AK, Farah CS, Batstone MD Health-related quality of life of patients treated with primary chemoradiotherapy for oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma: A comparison with surgery. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2014;52:111-7. |
5. | Loewen IJ, Boliek CA, Harris J, Seikaly H, Rieger JM Oral sensation and function: A comparison of patients with innervated radial forearm free flap reconstruction to healthy matched controls. Head Neck 2010;32:85-95. |
6. | Brown L, Rieger JM, Harris J, Seikaly H A longitudinal study of functional outcomes after surgical resection and microvascular reconstruction for oral cancer: Tongue mobility and swallowing function. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2010;68:2690-700. |
7. | Germino BB Symptom distress and quality of life. Semin Oncol Nurs 1987;3:299-302. |
8. | Morton RP, Izzard ME Quality-of-life outcomes in head and neck cancer patients. World J Surg 2003;27:884-9. |
9. | The World Health Organization Quality of Life Assessment (WHOQOL): Position paper from the World Health Organization. Soc Sci Med1995;41:1403-9. |
10. | Chandu A, Smith AC, Rogers SN Health-related quality of life in oral cancer: A review. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2006;64:495-502. |
11. | Abendstein H, Nordgren M, Boysen M, Jannert M, Silander E, Ahlner-Elmqvist M, et al. Quality of life and head and neck cancer: A 5 year prospective study. Laryngoscope 2005;115:2183-92. |
12. | Oskam IM, Verdonck-de Leeuw IM, Aaronson NK, Witte BI, de Bree R, Doornaert P, et al. Prospective evaluation of health-related quality of life in long-term oral and oropharyngeal cancer survivors and the perceived need for supportive care. Oral Oncol 2013;49:443-8. |
13. | Hilarius DL, Kloeg PH, Gundy CM, Aaronson NK Use of health-related quality-of-life assessments in daily clinical oncology nursing practice: A community hospital-based intervention study. Cancer 2008;113:628-37. |
14. | Langendijk JA, Doornaert P, Verdonck-de Leeuw IM, Leemans CR, Aaronson NK, Slotman BJ Impact of late treatment-related toxicity on quality of life among patients with head and neck cancer treated with radiotherapy. J Clin Oncol 2008;26:3770-6. |
15. | Hagio M, Ishizaki K, Ryu M, Nomura T, Takano N, Sakurai K Maxillofacial prosthetic treatment factors affecting oral health-related quality of life after surgery for patients with oral cancer. J Prosthet Dent 2018;119:663-70. |
16. | Dholam KP, Chouksey GC, Dugad J Oral health-related quality of life after prosthetic rehabilitation in patients with oral cancer: A longitudinal study with the liverpool oral rehabilitation questionnaire version 3 and oral health impact profile-14 questionnaire. Indian J Cancer 2016;53:256-60. |
17. | Vissink A, Mitchell JB, Baum BJ, Limesand KH, Jensen SB, Fox PC, et al. Clinical management of salivary gland hypofunction and xerostomia in head-and-neck cancer patients: Successes and barriers. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2010;78:983-91. |
18. | Dzioba A, Aalto D, Papadopoulos-Nydam G, Seikaly H, Rieger J, Wolfaardt J, et al; Head and Neck Research Network. Functional and quality of life outcomes after partial glossectomy: A multi-institutional longitudinal study of the head and neck research network. J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2017;46:56. |
19. | Vissink A, Jansma J, Spijkervet FK, Burlage FR, Coppes RP Oral sequelae of head and neck radiotherapy. Crit Rev Oral Biol Med 2003;14:199-212. |
20. | Jensen SB, Pedersen AM, Reibel J, Nauntofte B Xerostomia and hypofunction of the salivary glands in cancer therapy. Support Care Cancer 2003;11:207-25. |
21. | Jensen SB, Pedersen AM, Vissink A, Andersen E, Brown CG, Davies AN, et al; Salivary Gland Hypofunction/Xerostomia Section; Oral Care Study Group; Multinational Association of Supportive Care in Cancer (MASCC)/International Society of Oral Oncology (ISOO). A systematic review of salivary gland hypofunction and xerostomia induced by cancer therapies: Management strategies and economic impact. Support Care Cancer 2010;18:1061-79. |
22. | Beech N, Robinson S, Porceddu S, Batstone M Dental management of patients irradiated for head and neck cancer. Aust Dent J 2014;59:20-8. |
23. | Rieger JM, Wolfaardt JF, Jha N, Seikaly H Maxillary obturators: The relationship between patient satisfaction and speech outcome. Head Neck 2003;25:895-903. |
24. | Rieger J, Wolfaardt J, Seikaly H, Jha N Speech outcomes in patients rehabilitated with maxillary obturator prostheses after maxillectomy: A prospective study. Int J Prosthodont 2002;15:139-44. |
25. | Funk GF, Karnell LH, Christensen AJ Long-term health-related quality of life in survivors of head and neck cancer. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2012;138:123-33. |
26. | Dijkstra PU, Huisman PM, Roodenburg JL Criteria for trismus in head and neck oncology. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2006;35:337-42. |
27. | Stubblefield MD, Manfield L, Riedel ER A preliminary report on the efficacy of a dynamic jaw opening device (Dynasplint Trismus System) as part of the multimodal treatment of trismus in patients with head and neck cancer. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2010;91:1278-82. |
28. | Owosho AA, Pedreira Ramalho LM, Rosenberg HI, Yom SK, Drill E, Riedel E, et al. Objective assessment of trismus in oral and oropharyngeal cancer patients treated with intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT). J Craniomaxillofac Surg 2016;44:1408-13. |
29. | Louise Kent M, Brennan MT, Noll JL, Fox PC, Burri SH, Hunter JC, et al. Radiation-induced trismus in head and neck cancer patients. Support Care Cancer 2008;16:305-9. |
30. | Lee LY, Chen SC, Chen WC, Huang BS, Lin CY Postradiation trismus and its impact on quality of life in patients with head and neck cancer. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol 2015;119:187-95. |
31. | Weber C, Dommerich S, Pau HW, Kramp B Limited mouth opening after primary therapy of head and neck cancer. Oral Maxillofac Surg 2010;14:169-73. |
32. | Pauli N, Johnson J, Finizia C, Andréll P The incidence of trismus and long-term impact on health-related quality of life in patients with head and neck cancer. Acta Oncol 2013;52:1137-45. |
33. | Payakachat N, Ounpraseuth S, Suen JY Late complications and long-term quality of life for survivors (>5 years) with history of head and neck cancer. Head Neck 2013;35:819-25. |
34. | Kovács AF, Stefenelli U, Thorn G Long-term quality of life after intensified multi-modality treatment of oral cancer including intra-arterial induction chemotherapy and adjuvant chemoradiation. Ann Maxillofac Surg 2015;5:26-31. |
35. | Kraaijenga SA, Oskam IM, van der Molen L, Hamming-Vrieze O, Hilgers FJ, van den Brekel MW Evaluation of long term (10-years+) dysphagia and trismus in patients treated with concurrent chemo-radiotherapy for advanced head and neck cancer. Oral Oncol 2015;51:787-94. |
36. | van der Molen L, van Rossum MA, Burkhead LM, Smeele LE, Hilgers FJ Functional outcomes and rehabilitation strategies in patients treated with chemoradiotherapy for advanced head and neck cancer: A systematic review. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2009;266:889-900. |
37. | van der Molen L, Heemsbergen WD, de Jong R, van Rossum MA, Smeele LE, Rasch CR, et al. Dysphagia and trismus after concomitant chemo-intensity-modulated radiation therapy (chemo-IMRT) in advanced head and neck cancer; dose–effect relationships for swallowing and mastication structures. Radiother Oncol 2013;106:364-9. |
38. | McGrouther DA Facial disfigurement. Br Med J 1997;314:991. |
39. | The glossary of prosthodontic terms: Ninth edition. J Prosthet Dent2017;117:e1-105. |
40. | Newton JT, Fiske J, Foote O, Frances C, Loh IM, Radford DR Preliminary study of the impact of loss of part of the face and its prosthetic restoration. J Prosthet Dent 1999;82:585-90. |
41. | Chang TL, Garrett N, Roumanas E, Beumer J III. Treatment satisfaction with facial prostheses. J Prosthet Dent 2005;94:275-80. |
42. | de Oliveira FM, Salazar-Gamarra R, Öhman D, Nannmark U, Pecorari V, Dib LL Quality of life assessment of patients utilizing orbital implant-supported prostheses. Clin Implant Dent Relat Res 2018;20:438-43. |
43. | Goiato MC, Pesqueira AA, Ramos da Silva C, Gennari Filho H, Micheline Dos Santos D Patient satisfaction with maxillofacial prosthesis. Literature review. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2009;62:175-80. |
44. | Federspil PA Auricular prostheses in microtia. Facial Plast Surg Clin North Am 2018;26:97-104. |
45. | Ariani N, Visser A, van Oort RP, Kusdhany L, Rahardjo TB, Krom BP, et al. Current state of craniofacial prosthetic rehabilitation. Int J Prosthodont 2013;26:57-67. |
46. | Al-Harbi FA, Ayad NM, Saber MA, ArRejaie AS, Morgano SM Mechanical behavior and color change of facial prosthetic elastomers after outdoor weathering in a hot and humid climate. J Prosthet Dent 2015;113:146-51. |
47. | Andres CJ, Haug SP, Munoz CA, Bernal G Effects of environmental factors on maxillofacial elastomers: Part I—Literature review. J Prosthet Dent 1992;68:327-30. |
48. | Markt JC, Lemon JC Extraoral maxillofacial prosthetic rehabilitation at the M. D. Anderson Cancer Center: A survey of patient attitudes and opinions. J Prosthet Dent 2001;85:608-13. |
49. | Brandão TB, Vechiato Filho AJ, de Souza Batista VE, Prado Ribeiro AC, Filho HN, Chilvarquer I, et al. Assessment of treatment outcomes for facial prostheses in patients with craniofacial defects: A pilot retrospective study. J Prosthet Dent 2017;118:235-41. |
50. | Parel SM, Branemark PI, Tjellstrom A, Gion G Osseointegration in maxillofacial prosthetics. Part II: Extraoral applications. J Prosthet Dent 1986;55:600-6. |
51. | Hatamleh MM, Haylock C, Watson J, Watts DC Maxillofacial prosthetic rehabilitation in the UK: A survey of maxillofacial prosthetists’ and technologists’ attitudes and opinions. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2010;39:1186-92. |
52. | Wondergem M, Lieben G, Bouman S, van den Brekel MW, Lohuis PJ Patients’ satisfaction with facial prostheses. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2016;54:394-9. |
53. | Kiat-amnuay S, Gettleman L, Khan Z, Goldsmith LJ Effect of adhesive retention on maxillofacial prostheses. Part I: Skin dressings and solvent removers. J Prosthet Dent 2000;84:335-40. |
54. | Davison SP, Sherris DA, Meland NB An algorithm for maxillectomy defect reconstruction. Laryngoscope 1998;108:215-9. |
55. | Cordeiro PG, Santamaria E A classification system and algorithm for reconstruction of maxillectomy and midfacial defects. Plast Reconstr Surg 2000;105:2331-46; discussion 2347-8. |
56. | Santamaria E, Cordeiro PG Reconstruction of maxillectomy and midfacial defects with free tissue transfer. J Surg Oncol 2006;94:522-31. |
57. | Okay DJ, Genden E, Buchbinder D, Urken M Prosthodontic guidelines for surgical reconstruction of the maxilla: A classification system of defects. J Prosthet Dent 2001;86:352-63. |
58. | Rogers SN, Lowe D, McNally D, Brown JS, Vaughan ED Health-related quality of life after maxillectomy: A comparison between prosthetic obturation and free flap. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2003;61:174-81. |
59. | Ducic Y An effective, inexpensive, temporary surgical obturator following maxillectomy. Laryngoscope 2001;111:356-8. |
60. | Borlase G Use of obturators in rehabilitation of maxillectomy defects. Ann R Australas Coll Dent Surg 2000;15:75-9. |
61. | Phasuk K, Haug SP Maxillofacial prosthetics. Oral Maxillofac Surg Clin North Am 2018;30:487-97. |
62. | Wolfaardt JF Modifying a surgical obturator prosthesis into an interim obturator prosthesis. A clinical report. J Prosthet Dent 1989;62:619-21. |
63. | Depprich RA, Handschel JG, Meyer U, Meissner G Comparison of prevalence of microorganisms on titanium and silicone/polymethyl methacrylate obturators used for rehabilitation of maxillary defects. J Prosthet Dent 2008;99:400-5. |
64. | Irish J, Sandhu N, Simpson C, Wood R, Gilbert R, Gullane P, et al. Quality of life in patients with maxillectomy prostheses. Head Neck 2009;31:813-21. |
65. | Keyf F Obturator prostheses for hemimaxillectomy patients. J Oral Rehabil 2001;28:821-9. |
66. | Parr GR, Tharp GE, Rahn AO Prosthodontic principles in the framework design of maxillary obturator prostheses. J Prosthet Dent 1989;62:205-12. |
67. | Kreissl ME, Heydecke G, Metzger MC, Schoen R Zygoma implant-supported prosthetic rehabilitation after partial maxillectomy using surgical navigation: A clinical report. J Prosthet Dent 2007;97:121-8. |
68. | Rieger JM, Tang JA, Wolfaardt J, Harris J, Seikaly H Comparison of speech and aesthetic outcomes in patients with maxillary reconstruction versus maxillary obturators after maxillectomy. J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2011;40:40-7. |
69. | Sullivan M, Gaebler C, Beukelman D, Mahanna G, Marshall J, Lydiatt D, et al. Impact of palatal prosthodontic intervention on communication performance of patients’ maxillectomy defects: A multilevel outcome study. Head Neck 2002;24:530-8. |
70. | Arigbede AO, Dosumu OO, Shaba OP, Esan TA Evaluation of speech in patients with partial surgically acquired defects: Pre and post prosthetic obturation. J Contemp Dent Pract 2006;7: 89-96. |
71. | Sakuraba M, Kimata Y, Ota Y, Uchiyama K, Kishimoto S, Harii K, et al. Simple maxillary reconstruction using free tissue transfer and prostheses. Plast Reconstr Surg 2003;111:594-8; discussion 599-600. |
72. | Yoshida H, Furuya Y, Shimodaira K, Kanazawa T, Kataoka R, Takahashi K Spectral characteristics of hypernasality in maxillectomy patients. J Oral Rehabil 2000;27:723-30. |
73. | Depprich R, Naujoks C, Lind D, Ommerborn M, Meyer U, Kübler NR, et al. Evaluation of the quality of life of patients with maxillofacial defects after prosthodontic therapy with obturator prostheses. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2011;40:71-9. |
74. | Kalaignan P, Mohan J Impact of maxillofacial prostheses on oral health related quality of life (OHRQoL). Biomed Pharmacol J 2018;11:743-9. |
75. | Genden EM, Wallace DI, Okay D, Urken ML Reconstruction of the hard palate using the radial forearm free flap: Indications and outcomes. Head Neck 2004;26:808-14. |
76. | Triana RJ Jr, Uglesic V, Virag M, Varga SG, Knezevic P, Milenovic A, et al. Microvascular free flap reconstructive options in patients with partial and total maxillectomy defects. Arch Facial Plast Surg 2000;2:91-101. |
77. | Browne JD, Burke AJ Benefits of routine maxillectomy and orbital reconstruction with the rectus abdominis free flap. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1999;121:203-9. |
78. | Robbins KT, Bowman JB, Jacob RF Postglossectomy deglutitory and articulatory rehabilitation with palatal augmentation prostheses. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1987;113:1214-8. |
79. | Bohle G III, Rieger J, Huryn J, Verbel D, Hwang F, Zlotolow I Efficacy of speech aid prostheses for acquired defects of the soft palate and velopharyngeal inadequacy—Clinical assessments and cephalometric analysis: A memorial sloan-kettering study. Head Neck 2005;27:195-207. |
80. | Chambers MS, Lemon JC, Martin JW Obturation of the partial soft palate defect. J Prosthet Dent 2004;91:75-9. |
81. | Seikaly H, Rieger J, Zalmanowitz J, Tang JL, Alkahtani K, Ansari K, et al. Functional soft palate reconstruction: A comprehensive surgical approach. Head Neck 2008;30:1615-23. |
82. | Ohno T, Katagiri N, Fujishima I Palatal lift prosthesis for bolus transport in a patient with dysphagia: A clinical report. J Prosthet Dent 2017;118:242-4. |
83. | Ohno T, Fujishima I Palatal and lingual augmentation prosthesis for patients with dysphagia and functional problems: A clinical report. J Prosthet Dent 2017;117:811-3. |
84. | Okuno K, Nohara K, Tanaka N, Sasao Y, Sakai T The efficacy of a lingual augmentation prosthesis for swallowing after a glossectomy: A clinical report. J Prosthet Dent 2014;111:342-5. |
85. | Sabouri AA, Safari A, Gharechahi J, Esmailzadeh S Prosthodontic rehabilitation for total glossectomy with a magnetic detachable mandibular tongue prosthesis: A clinical report. J Prosthodont 2012;21:404-7. |
86. | Kharade P, Dholam K, Bachher G Appraisal of function after rehabilitation with tongue prosthesis. J Craniofac Surg 2018;29:e41-4. |
87. | Balasubramaniam MK, Chidambaranathan AS, Shanmugam G, Tah R Rehabilitation of glossectomy cases with tongue prosthesis: A literature review. J Clin Diagn Res 2016;10:ZE01-4. |
88. | Bachher GK, Dholam KP Long term rehabilitation of a total glossectomy patient. J Indian Prosthodont Soc 2010;10:194-6. |
89. | Moore DJ Glossectomy rehabilitation by mandibular tongue prosthesis. J Prosthet Dent 1972;28:429-33. |
90. | Groetsema WR An overview of the maxillofacial prosthesis as a speech rehabilitation aid. J Prosthet Dent 1987;57:204-8. |
91. | Diz Dios P, Fernández Feijoo J, Castro Ferreiro M, Alvarez Alvarez J Functional consequences of partial glossectomy. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1994;52:12-4. |
92. | Hara I, Gellrich NC, Düker J, Schön R, Nilius M, Fakler O, et al. Evaluation of swallowing function after intraoral soft tissue reconstruction with microvascular free flaps. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2003;32:593-9. |
93. | Pauloski BR, Logemann JA, Rademaker AW, McConnel FM, Heiser MA, Cardinale S, et al. Speech and swallowing function after anterior tongue and floor of mouth resection with distal flap reconstruction. J Speech Hear Res 1993;36:267-76. |
94. | Rohner D, Bucher P, Hammer B Prefabricated fibular flaps for reconstruction of defects of the maxillofacial skeleton: Planning, technique, and long-term experience. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 2013;28:e221-9. |
95. | Gbara A, Darwich K, Li L, Schmelzle R, Blake F Long-term results of jaw reconstruction with microsurgical fibula grafts and dental implants. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2007;65:1005-9. |
96. | Kumar VV, Ebenezer S, Kämmerer PW, Jacob PC, Kuriakose MA, Hedne N, et al. Implants in free fibula flap supporting dental rehabilitation—Implant and peri-implant related outcomes of a randomized clinical trial. J Craniomaxillofac Surg 2016;44:1849-58. |
97. | Papadopoulos-Nydam G, Wolfaardt J, Seikaly H, O’Connell D, Harris J, Osswald M, et al. Comparison of speech and resonance outcomes across three methods of treatment for maxillary defects. Int J Maxillofac Prosthet2017;1:2-8. |
98. | Said MM, Otomaru T, Sumita Y, Leung KCM, Khan Z, Taniguchi H Systematic review of literature: Functional outcomes of implant-prosthetic treatment in patients with surgical resection for oral cavity tumors. J Investig Clin Dent2017;8:e12207. |
99. | Valdez JA, Brennan MT Impact of oral cancer on quality of life. Dent Clin North Am 2018;62:143-54. |
100. | Goiato MC, Fernandes AU, dos Santos DM, Barão VA Positioning magnets on a multiple/sectional maxillofacial prosthesis. J Contemp Dent Pract 2007;8:101-7. |
|